Generation Z’s Intention toward Cash Waqf: The Moderating Role of Waqf Literacy within an Extended TPB Framework

Authors

  • Nida Shah, Dr. Ammad ul Haq, Usman Yousuf

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.58352/tis.v51i1.1001

Keywords:

TBP theory, trust, Religion, Literacy, Cash Waqf, PLS-SEM

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the factors that shape Generation Z's intention to use cash waqf. To achieve this aim, the theory of planned behavior (TBP) was utilized as the base theory and two main constructs, trust and religiosity, were integrated within the model. Moreover, this study analyzes the moderating role of cash waqf literacy in the relationship between attitude and behavioral intention. Data were gathered from Muslim Generation Z in Pakistan using a survey questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using the PLS-SEM technique. The results showed that all the variables had a significant effect on intention, except for perceived behavioral control and religiosity, which were not significantly associated. Moreover, cash waqf literacy moderates the association between trust, religiosity, and TBP. The outcome of this research is beneficial for Waqf institutions, Islamic financial organizations, policymakers, and practitioners, as it will help them better understand the key determinants that shape the intentions of Generation Z’s.

References

Abdul Shukor, S., Johari, F., Abd Wahab, K., Kefeli@ Zulkefli, Z., Ahmad, N., Haji Alias, M., ... & Abu-Hussin, M. F. (2019). Trust on awqaf institutions: evidence from Malaysia. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 10(2), 511-524.

Agustian Azis, R. (2025). The customer behavior of donating through Cash waqf with Moderating effect of Cash Waqf Literacy in greater Jakarta (Doctoral dissertation, Institut IPMI).

Ajzen, I (1985) From intentions to actions; A theory of planned behavior, Action Control: 11- 39 Germany; Springer-Verlag

Ajzen, I and Fishbein,M. (1980) Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. Englewood-Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179-211.

Albaity, M., & Rahman, M. (2019). The intention to use Islamic banking: an exploratory study to measure Islamic financial literacy. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 14(5), 988-1012.

Ali, M., Aziz, Y., Zada, N., & Mansor, F. (2025). The determinants of donors’ behavior toward Islamic charities: a phenomenological inquiry. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 1-19.

Alifiandy, M. M., & Sukmana, R. (2020). The influence of planned behaviour theory and knowledge towards the waqif intention in contributing waqf. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Islam (Journal of Islamic Economics and Business), 6(2), 260.

Allah Pitchay, A., Sukmana, R., Ratnasari, R. T., & Abd Jalil, M. I. (2023). A study of cash waqf contribution between millennials of Malaysia and Indonesia. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 16(4), 802-818.

Amin, H. (2022). Waqf-Based Qardhul Hassan Financ A Preliminary Study of QAFSCALE Measuring Waqf-Based Qardhul Hassan Financing Receptiveness. e-Jurnal Penyelidikan dan Inovasi, 1-23.

Amin, H., & Chong, R. (2011). Is the theory of reasoned action valid for Ar-Rahnu? An empirical investigation. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(10), 716-726.

Amin, H., Jam, N. S., Ring, P. J., Suhartanto, D., Mai, M. U., Razak, D. A., & Shaikh, I. M. (2024). Examining cash waqf from the perspectives of Malaysian actual donors. International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 7(1), 113-129.

Asyari, A., Hoque, M. E., Susanto, P., Begum, H., Awaluddin, A., Marwan, M., & Mamun, A. A. (2024). Online cash waqf behavioral intention: the role of knowledge of cash waqf and trust. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 15(11), 2864-2890.

Berakon, I., Aji, H. M., & Hafizi, M. R. (2022). Impact of digital Sharia banking systems on cash-waqf among Indonesian Muslim youth. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 13(7), 1551-1573.

Binti Saifuddin, F., Kayadibi, S., Polat, R., Fidan, Y., & Kayadibi, O. (2014). The role of cash waqf in poverty alleviation: case of Malaysia. International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 4(1), 171-179.

Budiman, M. A. (2014). The significance of waqf for economic development.

Canggih, C., Mawardi, I., Johan, Z. J., & Timur, Y. P. (2025). Digital Transformation of Islamic Endowments (Waqf): What Appeals to Generation Z in e-Cash Waqf?. Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Business Intelligence, 11(3), 337-352.

Chowdhury, M. S. R., bin Ghazali, M. F., & Ibrahim, M. F. (2011). Economics of Cash WAQF management in Malaysia: A proposed Cash WAQF model for practitioners and future researchers. African journal of business management, 5(30), 12155.

Faiz, O. (2014, April). An Analysis of Cash Waqf Participation among Young Intellectual. In Istanbul 9th International Academic Conference (Vol. 13).

Haidlir, B. M., Laksmono, B. S., Kasri, R. A., Azizon, A., & Hartono, D. (2021). Public behaviour on cash waqf: Evidence from Indonesia. JEJAK: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Kebijakan, 14(2), 316-332.

Hasbullah, N. A., Khairi, K. F., & Aziz, M. R. A. (2016). Intention to contribute in corporate waqf: Applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour. UMRAN-Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies, 3(1).

https://fortune.com/2025/02/28/gen-z-workforce-early-engagement/

Ismail, W. M. B. W., Abd Samad, K. B., & Ibrahim, S. N. H. B. (2023). Application of Technology Usage and Perception of Performance of Cash Waqf in Theory of Planned Behaviour: Analysing Intention to Contribute Cash Waqf Among Muslims in Malaysia. Information Management and Business Review, 15(3), 477-485.

Jabbar, S., Ali, R., & Yasin, I. M. (2025). The Role of Cash Waqf in Bridging Socio-Economic Inequalities in Pakistan. The Critical Review of Social Sciences Studies, 3(3), 614-628.

Jabbar, S., Muhammad, R. A., Yasin, I. M., & Saeed, K. (2024). Public Awareness and Propensity to Determine Cash Waqf in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS), 44(2).

Jatmiko, W., Haidlir, B. M., Azizon, A., Laksmono, B. S., & Kasri, R. (2024). Intergenerational analysis of cash waqf behavior: lessons learned from Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 15(4), 590-618.

Karim, M. F., & Murad, M. W. (2010). An analysis of disbursement of Waqf funds and their potential in Bangladesh (Doctoral dissertation, Islamic Foundation).

Kasri, R. A., & Chaerunnisa, S. R. (2022). The role of knowledge, trust, and religiosity in explaining the online cash waqf amongst Muslim millennials. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 13(6), 1334-1350.

Masrizal, M., Huda, N., Harahap, A., Trianto, B., & Sabiu, T. T. (2023). Investigating the determinants of cash waqf intention: an insight from Muslims in Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance, 9(1), 17-38.

Maulina, R., Dhewanto, W., & Faturohman, T. (2025). Behaviour determinants of two Muslims classes towards cash waqf for productive purposes: explanation from Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 16(5), 990-1013.

MIFC. (2015). Global sukuk report 1Q 2015. Malaysia: Bank Negara Malaysia.

Mokthar, M. Z. (2016). Perceptions of Universiti Sains Malaysia Muslim staff on factors influencing their intention to perform cash waqf. Journal of Islamic Studies and Culture, 4(2), 101-109.

Mokthar, M. Z. (2018). Penang muslims’ perception on factors influencing intention to give cash waqf. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(5), 877-887.

Muhammad, I. N. (2016). Correlates of waqf based philanthropy in the north west zone, Nigeria: Implications for community development theory and practice. Nigeria: Implications for Community Development Theory and Practice (March 10, 2016).

Mujahidah, A. S., & Rusydiana, A. S. (2023). Perceptions of Indonesian Muslim youth on factors influencing their intention to perform cash waqf. International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 6(1), 53-72.

Mukhibad, H., Nurkhin, A., Asrori, A., & Anisykurlillah, I. (2025). Individual Muslim behavior in donating cash waqf− does cash waqf literacy matter?. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 1-18.

Nour Aldeen, K., Ratih, I. S., & Sari Pertiwi, R. (2022). Cash waqf from the millennials' perspective: a case of Indonesia. ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance, 14(1), 20-37.

Nuradi, N., & Khatimah, H. (2024, December). Analysis of Generation Z's Role in Community-Based Waqf Programmes. In Proceeding of International E-Conference On Management & Small Medium Enterprise (pp. 16-26).

Osman, A. F. (2014, May). An analysis of cash waqf participation among young intellectuals. In Proceedings of International Academic Conferences (No. 0100111). International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences.

Osman, A. F., Mohammed, M. O., & Fadzil, A. (2016). Factor influencing cash waqf giving behavior: a revised theory of planned behavior. Journal of Global Business and Social Entrepreneurship, 1(2), 12-25.

Qurrata, V. A., Hussain, N. E., Affandi, M. I., Kustiandi, J., Widiyanto, M. R. B., & Putri, N. A. (2022). Media Information and Donor’s Literation in Explaining Behavioral Intention for National Cash Waqf Movement among Moslem Millennials’. Business, Economic and Sustainability Science (BESS), 12-20.

Qurrata, V. A., Seprillina, L., Narmaditya, B. S., & Hussain, N. E. (2020). Media promotion, Islamic religiosity and Muslim community perception towards charitable giving of cash waqf. International Journal of Monetary Economics and Finance, 13(3), 296-305.

Ratnasari, R. T., & Arifin, M. H. (2017, November). Theory of planned behavior in intention to pay cash waqf. In 1st International Conference on Islamic Economics, Business, and Philanthropy (ICIEBP).

Rizal, H., & Amin, H. (2017). Perceived ihsan, Islamic egalitarianism and Islamic religiosity towards charitable giving of cash waqf. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 8(4), 669-685.

Salwa Amirah, A. (2017). An investigation on the patterns and antecedents of charitable giving behaviour among Muslims in Malaysia/Salwa Amirah Awang (Doctoral dissertation, University of Malaya).

Sargeant, A., & Lee, S. (2004). Trust and relationship commitment in the United Kingdom voluntary sector: Determinants of donor behavior. Psychology & Marketing, 21(8), 613-635.

Shukor, S. A., Anwar, I. F., Aziz, S. A., & Sabri, H. (2017). Muslim attitude towards participation in cash WAQF: Antecedents and consequences. International Journal of Business and Society, 18(S1), 193-204.

Usman, M., & Ab Rahman, A. (2021). Financing higher education through waqf in Pakistan: issues and challenges. Jurnal Pengurusan, 62, 159-171.

Van der Linden, S. (2011). Charitable intent: A moral or social construct? A revised theory of planned behavior model. Current psychology, 30(4), 355-374.

van Teunenbroek, C., Wymer, W., & Čačija, L. N. (2025). Fostering, promoting, and encouraging philanthropy: Mechanisms to attract younger generations of donors and volunteers. Journal of Philanthropy, 30(2), e70018.

Wicaksono, A. P., Riantika, R. L., & Mahfuroh, R. (2020). The role of the TPB in predicting sustainability behavior in educations. Jurnal Reviu Akuntansi dan Keuangan, 10(2), 384-397.

Widiastuti, T., Mawardi, I., Samer Ali, A. S., Atiya, N., Rani, L. N., Robani, A. B., & Al Mustofa, M. U. (2025). Determinant factors for online cash waqf intention among Muslim millennial generation. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 16(1), 258-289.

Yusoff, R., Rahman, S. A. A., Mohamed, W. N. W., Benrit, P., & Darus, F. (2022). Predicting the behavioural intention for cash waqf: evidence from Malaysia and Thailand. In Islamic Philanthropy: Exploring Zakat, Waqf, and Sadaqah in Islamic Finance and Economics (pp. 113-133). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Downloads

Published

2026-06-30

How to Cite

Nida Shah, Dr. Ammad ul Haq, Usman Yousuf. (2026). Generation Z’s Intention toward Cash Waqf: The Moderating Role of Waqf Literacy within an Extended TPB Framework. The Islamic Culture "As-Saqafat-Ul Islamia" الثقافة الإسلامية - Research Journal - Sheikh Zayed Islamic Centre, University of Karachi, 51(1). https://doi.org/10.58352/tis.v51i1.1001

Issue

Section

English Section